My Health Campaign Is About Obesity - 1624 Words

My health campaign is about Obesity. I will be planning a small-scale health education campaign on Obesity. I started off by producing a health campaign which was about Obesity and aimed in on people who were between 13 to 19 years old. Obesity can lead to serious health illnesses such as Coronary Heart Disease, High Blood Pressure, Stroke and Type 2 diabetes and in order to prevent these illnesses, health education campaigns are created to warn people about the effects of Obesity. National health campaigns There are many different national health strategies which are used in order to help encourage harmful effects of Obesity on the health of people. The Government has produced a target on tackling Obesity in the UK. The Government has begun a health living campaign to stop the increase in the Obesity rates in the UK. It includes television adverts which warn people that too much fat can lead to Type 2 diabetes, heart disease and Cancer. Every Child Matters Every Child Matters is a type of green paper which was published in 2003 by the government. The Every Child Matters green paper is also known as Every Child Matters: Change for Children. This green paper had provided the legislative basis for developing effective as well as accessible health and social care services. Target setting The strategy the Government has created is called â€Å"Change4Life - eat well, move more, live longer†. There was a report called the Foresight report which was published last year and thisShow MoreRelatedEssay about Unit 20 Promoting Health Education P31007 Words   |  5 PagesP3 – in this task I will be planning my campaign and explain the reasons for the approaches, methods and models of behaviour change. This task will include SMART targets and planned approaches to education, I will be stating what models of behaviour change I will be using and also include who my audience is and what resources I will use and any cost incurred. The campaign we will be presenting is about obesity. In Sandwell, especially Smethwick; the number of children who are considered obese isRead MoreChildhood Obesity Research1024 Words   |  5 PagesObesity in the United States Obesity is an ongoing epidemic characterized by excessive amounts of body fat that may cause other health-related issues. â€Å"Approximately 1 in 3 U.S. adults and 1 in 6 children and adolescents are obese† (Reducing Obesity, n.d.). The rates of obesity have increased throughout the United States in people of all racial groups and genders. Obesity does not discriminate on ethnicity or gender. However, research shows that â€Å"Black and Latino populations have substantially higherRead MoreObesity And The Public Affairs Mission At Missouri State768 Words   |  4 Pagesfriend who struggles with weight. Or maybe you’ve struggled with your weight. Obesity impacts everyone in some shape or form. Today I will share with you the dangers of pediatric obesity and how it relates to the public affairs mission here at Missouri State. (Transition: Let’s begin by discussing obesity and what causes it.) Body I. Being overweight or obese is to have a higher than average amount of fat. A. Obesity is determined most frequently using Body Mass Index (BMI), a weight to height ratioRead MoreWho s For Blame For Childhood Obesity?1162 Words   |  5 PagesAfter reading and analyzing Gary Ruskin and Juliet Schor’s article, â€Å"Who’s to Blame for Childhood Obesity?†, I established that I was in agreement with a great deal of their findings. I was alarmed by content in the article revealing that publicly the junk food industry â€Å"sympathizes† with America’s obesity crisis yet behind the scenes they hold an entirely different agenda: profit. I was deeply saddened to learn that lobbyists hired by these influential companies wield so much power in governmentalRead MoreEducating Healthy Lifestyles : Change4life Encourages The Public For Implement Eight Healthy Lifestyle873 Words   |  4 Pagesdaily 2. Watch the salt; advice on reducing the amount of daily salt intake, preferably keeping it to below 6g for adults. 3. Cut back fat; information about how to reduce the amount of saturated fat found in our foods 4. Sugar swaps; information about sugar found in foods and suggestions for healthier alternatives. 5. Know your limit; campaigns for adults to cut down on their alcohol intake to within lower-risk guidelines. 6. Get going every day (10 minutes shake up); encouraging bursts of activityRead MoreThe Center For Disease Control And Prevention1586 Words   |  7 Pagesopportunity for the sharing of influential health messages. These memorable messages often received at an early age and are remembered for an extended period and influence behavior Memorable Messages (Knapp et al., 1981) presents that, memorable messages are those interpersonal messages that â€Å"are reported and remembered for a long time and to have a profound impact on a person’s life. The goal of a memorable message in Anti-Obesity Rhetoric is to make a person think about their life, and have that personRead MoreThe Role Of Physical Therapist861 Words   |  4 Pagesfighting children’s obesity? Obesity reduces a child’s opportunities to engage meaningfully in desired activities at home and in school, especially social participation and play (Kuczmarski, Reitz, Pizzi, 2010). According to World Health Organization, when a child is obese or overweight, their quality of life is significantly affected. They are the one that are at greatest risk of teasing, bullying and social isolation (WHO, 2012, p.11). According to Mcnealus (2015), obesity is also seen in childrenRead MorePublic Health Nutrition ( Phn )1700 Words   |  7 PagesPublic health Nutrition (PHN) is the promotion and maintenance of nutrition related to health and well-being of populations via the organised efforts and informed choices of society (Hughes et al, 2012). Public health nutrition focuses on solving nutrition related problems, however focusing on developing interventions in the population; it also draws upon the principles of health promotion (Caraher and Coveney, 2004). Landman, Buttriss and Marg etts (1998) outlines public health nutrition in focusingRead MoreCase Study 3 Mcdonalds and Obesity1069 Words   |  5 Pagesto schools to educate students about the importance of eating healthy and staying active. Even addressing moderation of unhealthy foods and portions control. This will help to improve Ronald image in a positive way as the mascot. 2) Discuss the merits of the law proposed by France that would require fast-food companies either to add a health message to commercials or to pay 1.5 % tax on their ad budget. Propose a strategy for McDonalds to pay the tax or add health message and defend your recommendationRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity Essay1169 Words   |  5 PagesObesity Obesity refers to excess body fat while overweight refers to excess body weight in terms of excess fat, muscles, bone or water. According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2009–2010), about 69% of the adult population in the U.S. is overweight or obese, with more than 78 million adults being obese. Consistent with the survey, at least 2 in 3 adults are overweight or obese and more than 1 in 3 adults are obese. In addition, more than 1 in 20 adults in the U

Extremes Versus the Norms in Wuthering Heights - 1155 Words

Extremes of behaviours traditionally are characterised as going against the normalities of society. However, in Wuthering Heights these extremes are the ways in which normality is restored, and this paradoxical view allows the ambiguity surrounding the novel to truly become prevalent. These extremes also reflect gothic elements in the novel such as the sublime and moral decay. This is because through the absence of morality extreme emotions such as jealousy, violence, or revenge are allowed to stir. This is particularly the case because extremities allow for social transgression, which the gothic represents. This illustrates how the structure of society can be changed to allow for a modern view that freedom should not be diluted by social†¦show more content†¦In some ways the three settings in which the novel is set show the disruption of normal behaviour in the world of Wuthering Heights. This is illustrated through Heathcliff’s home which is ‘descriptive of th e atmospheric tumult to which its station is exposed to in stormy weather’, emphasising in some ways pathetic fallacy, because it suggests that Heathcliff is mentally disturbed like the stormy weather of his home. This would advocate the idea that domestication which is usually associated with a more civilised behaviour, and due to the fact that this is degraded, it means that extreme behaviour is the only normal one now. To some extent a psychoanalytical reading of Heathcliff’s emotional disarray would suggest it is based on the Freudian concept of life and death instincts. It is an important concept because life instincts are those that deal with basic survival, pleasure, and reproduction. While death instincts are based around a person’s self-conscious ability to want to die. Therefore, self-destructive behaviour is an expression of the energy created by the death instincts. When this energy is directed outward onto others, it is expressed as aggression and violence. Furthermore, it could

Language and Composition Song Of Solomon Free Essays

Song Of Solomon two significant minor characters BY Glossary In Toni Morrison book Song of Solomon, she Introduces characters that are significant in every situation then finds a way for them to help further develop the plot. The two characters that are the most interesting in the smallest way are First Corinthians and Empire State. These two are involved in very little dialogue and don’t appear often in the first three chapters. We will write a custom essay sample on Language and Composition Song Of Solomon or any similar topic only for you Order Now They aren’t faced with difficult challenges or help the main characters, which only questions of their existence. This not only sakes them Important but Interesting while their characteristics are hard to read. First Corinthians, sister of Milkman and Magdalene Dead and daughter of Ruth and Macon Dead is kind of first introduced to us in the first chapter when the author says â€Å"The others, who knew that the house was more prison than palace, and that the Dodge Sedan was for Sunday drives only, felt sorry for Ruth Foster and her dry Daughters and called her son â€Å"deep. † Reading this makes the author think – what Is wrong with the daughters? Is there something wrong with them or are they Just very observant and say very little? Corinthians isn’t really mentioned again until chapter 2 where we get to see her interact with her family. During the car ride the author shows us through dialogue and other suggestive actions that Corinthians might not really like her family. â€Å"And that lawyer- what’s his name? † Ruth looked around at Corinthians, who Ignored her. Why would Corinthians Ignore her mother? Did her mother do something wrong to her? In this chapter I think the author is trying to tell us that Corinthians does not really like her mother but likes her father or maybe she does not really like her father Just fears him enough to respect him. This is shown when Toni Morrison writes † She owns that place, Corinthians,† Ruth said. † I don’t care what she owns. I care about what she is. Daddy? † Corinthians leaned toward her father for confirmation. In that little scene one might say Corinthians Is halting at something but what? During the rest of the car ride Corinthians only tries to make conversation with her father. Empire State Is a very minute character in the first three chapters of the book. Even though he says nothing he comes as one who keeps to himself and could be hiding something. He’s presented somewhat like a criminal. He is first introduced to us when Milkman goes looking for Guitar. Toni Morrison says â€Å"All but Empire State, who stood, broom In hand and drop-lipped, with the expression of a very Intelligent ten- year-old. † Why does he not argue about the topic with the others? Is it that he does not care? Maybe it’s the fact that he is taking in everything that everyone is saying and using to decide what his next move is. He might be a criminal but nobody would ever guess that because he keeps to himself and acts like he’s mute. Way that would makes them seem quite influential. We can use the dialogue and behavior of the characters to infer that they play a big role in the plot and might actually help the main character out in the end. Corinthians seems like she knows something nobody else knows, her tone is as if she is trying to tell us something. The way Toni Morrison presents her tells us that Milkman is going to need to find out something, something that could help him move on in the story. Empire State is someone that might be hiding who he really is or hiding something very important that could help Milkman sort out his thoughts about his family and the town in general. How to cite Language and Composition Song Of Solomon, Essays

Economic Interaction Between Natural Monopoly and Regions

Question: Discuss about the Economic Interaction Between Natural Monopoly and Regions. Answer: Introduction This study is helpful to understand the reason why government of Australia want to set the price charged by the natural monopolies at the level where demand curve intersects the average total cost. Firstly, this study has tried to provide the concept of natural monopolies. In this study, the example of natural monopolies of Australia has also mentioned. On the other hand, this study is benefitted to understand the benefits, cost structures and the market structure of the natural monopoly. The types of monopoly and their nature of differences would be mentioned in this context. In this context, it can be mentioned that within a market, the price of a product under natural monopoly market would be cheaper compared to the two or more equivalent producers. This study would describe the government of Australias decision regarding the role of natural monopoly in the market of Australia. According to Carvalho Marques (2014), it can be mentioned that natural monopoly is a situation of monopoly, where the higher infrastructural cost and the barriers to entry of an industry is connected with the size of the market. As a result, the largest suppliers get the advantage and have the competitive advantage over the other competitors in the market. In this purpose, Crew Kleindorfer (2012) mentioned that where the capital costs are predominating and have the economies of scale compared in the connection with large size of the market. Australian electricity providers are the good example of natural monopolists. In the words of Crozet, Nash, Preston (2012), it can be mentioned that there are two types of costs, which are essential for the natural monopolies such as marginal cost and the fixed cost. The marginal cost is helpful to serve more consumers. On the contrary, Haucap Klein (2012) argued that natural monopoly does not exist. In this connection, it can be stated that marginal costs decreases with the economies of scale. The average costs of the organisational products and services would also decrease. Moreover, it can be mentioned that the natural monopolies has several cost structures. Haucap Klein (2012) opined that the fixed cost in case of natural monopoly is comparatively higher and it is not depending upon the output. However, the marginal cost of production is constant and comparatively lower. This study has provided the concept why government wants to impose the price of products as per the decision of natural monopolists. According to Makwe, Akinwale Atoyebi (2012), it can be mentioned that government wants to regulate natural monopolies in order to provide protection to the interests of the customers. More specifically, it can be added that government can effectively prevent the growth of the monopoly power. Firstly, government can reduce the excessive prices of the products. If the government of Australia does not implement the natural monopoly in the market then the producers may set higher prices of the products. As a result, the consumers may suffer from the problem of allocative inefficiency. Hence, it can be mentioned that consumer welfare level will be decreased. In this context, Haucap Klein (2012) opined that due to higher economies of scale, the government of Australia requires to encourage the competition in the market. Therefore, the new entrants create th e potential loss of efficiency. In is necessary to regulate the organisations by preventing the excessive use of monopoly power. Minimum efficient scale is required to be the lowest level of outcome. In this position, the scale of economies can be effectively exploited. Cost structure In case of natural monopoly, the average total cost is continuously falling due to the presence of economies of scale. In this situation, it can be noticed that marginal cost of products is below the average cost of production. The above figure depicted that the long run average cost under natural monopoly has been falling constantly. The reason can be described as the economies of scale are formulated in the market, therefore, average cost continuously fall. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that in order to maximise the profitability of a firm, the natural monopolist could charge Q, and therefore, the firms can earn super normal profits. On the contrary, Minamihashi (2012) criticised that in case of losses under natural monopolies, the government can provide subsidy to the organisations. Advantages of natural monopoly The advantages of natural monopolies can be discussed in the following manner: Average cost pricing As per the statement of Nizovtseva (2014), it can be mentioned that average cost pricing can reduces the pricing flexibility of the organisation and assures that the monopolies cannot capture above the margins. Price ceiling As opined by Crew Kleindorfer (2012), natural monopoly may be formulated through the enforcement of higher charging potential prices. With the help of the strategy of price ceiling, it can be mentioned that the definite products cannot be sold above the specific prices. Rate of return regulations This is equivalent to the average cost pricing. In this connection, it can be mentioned that the percentage of net profitability could be brought in an organisation requires to set under the government specified percentage. This will in turn assures the compliance along with the governmental regulatory approaches. Tax or subsidy In the point of Stiglitz Rosengard (2015), it can be mentioned that the governmental bodies can improve natural monopoly by maximising the taxes on larger producers. Precisely, the government allows financial support through the subsidies to the new entrants, which in turn assures the competitive environment, is highly equitable. Market structure As opined by Minamihashi (2012), it can be mentioned that when the economies of scale under monopoly has been increasing continuously based on the size of the firm, the natural monopolist firm would be able to provide the entire market demand in terms of lower cost compared to the two or more firms. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that there are two types of natural monopoly in the market such as strong monopoly and weak monopoly. When strong natural monopoly reflects the decreasing average costs, on the other hand, the weak natural monopoly firms reflect the increasing average costs. If the costs under natural monopoly are sub additive, the existing market would prefer a market which consist only one firm compared to the same output producing multiple firms. As a result, Haucap Klein (2012) mentioned that under the weak monopoly market structure, the regulatory authorities bar entry into this type of market, the natural monopolists can control the prices of the products. In addition, it can be stated that strong natural monopoly exists if the long run average cost curve of a single firm is decreasing up to the point where long run average cost curve intersects the overall market demand curve. The market structure can be illustrated by figure 2. With the help of the above figure, it can be observed that one firm would be able to provide goods and services to the consumers in the market comparatively lower rate compare to the two or more firms. For example, it can be mentioned that if Australian market consist of four firms and each of the firm produced at the optimal level, then it can be opined that marginal revenue is equivalent to the marginal costs. Therefore, it can be stated that the market price would be determined by the total market demand curve. This would in turn add up the price of the product up to the level of Px. On the other hand, from the above figure it can be noticed that at the point b, the market is restructured among the four firms, despite of one natural monopoly firm, each firm would be able to produce at a smaller scale. Moreover, it can be mentioned that entire produced output would be unchanged, however, the average unit costs is higher at point b. Hence, it can be inferred that the market helps to a single producer to formulate the entire market demand at cheaper rate compare to the more than one equal producer. Governments decision In the words of Makwe, Akinwale Atoyebi (2012), it can be mentioned that under natural monopoly, the long run average cost curve declines constantly over a greater output range. The government of Australia requires to implement the strategies of natural monopoly within the market. In this purpose, it can be mentioned that the people of that country would be benefitted as a large business can supply products to the consumers at a lower price compare to the more than one seller. Therefore, consumers satisfaction level would be increased. In addition, it can be mentioned that in case of natural monopoly, only one firm exist in the market. Therefore, Stiglitz Rosengard (2015) added that there would be no competition within the market. Therefore, it can be inferred that the cost and the price of the products would not be increased. This would in turn helpful to increase the welfare level of the consumers. In this point, it can be concluded the government of Australia requires to formula te natural monopoly system within the market. In order to discuss the importance of natural monopoly and why government requires to implement natural monopoly system within the market, it is necessary to identify the practical example of natural monopoly. Minamihashi (2012) cited that Australian electricity producer is an appropriate example. The behaviour of the electricity producer is seemed to be inelastic. This refers that the electricity producers would increase the price of the product, however, the demand would not be changed. Therefore, from the point of the electricity producers, they would be able to maximise their profitability statement due to the absence of competition. On the other hand, in short run it can be mentioned that the profitability statement of the organisation would be increased. On the contrary, Nizovtseva (2014) it can be argued that if the organisation charged higher price due to inelastic demand of the products, government do not require to formulate the practice of natural monopoly within the count ry. Apart from this, it can be recommended that in this situation government requires to allow to enter other suppliers to enter into the market. Therefore, the price of the products would be decreased by entering more suppliers into the market. Although the natural monopolists would not able to earn super normal profit in the short run, would earn normal profit. Conclusion This study has highlighted the market structure of natural monopoly. In this connection, it can be observed that the cost would be sub additive in the natural monopoly market compared to the two or more equivalent firms. This study is also helpful to identify the structure of average cost, marginal cost and the fixed cost of the long run as well as short run. On the other hand, this study is helpful to discuss the short run and the long run profitability statement under natural monopoly. Furthermore, in this study, the types of natural monopoly has described such as the strong natural monopoly as well as the weak natural monopoly. Lastly, this study has provided the governments decision regarding the use of natural monopoly. References Carvalho, P., Marques, R. C. (2014). Computing economies of vertical integration, economies of scope and economies of scale using partial frontier nonparametric methods. European Journal of Operational Research , 292-307. Crew, M. A., Kleindorfer, P. R. (2012). Managing change in the postal and delivery industries. Springer Science Business Media. Crozet, Y., Nash, C., Preston, J. (2012). Beyond the quiet life of a natural monopoly: Regulatory challenges ahead for Europes rail sector. CERRE, Brussels. Haucap, J., Klein, G. J. (2012). How regulation affects network and service quality in related markets. Economics Letters. , 521-524. Makwe, J. N., Akinwale, Y. O., Atoyebi, M. K. (2012). An economic assessment of the reform of Nigerian electricity market. . Energy and Power. , 24-32. Minamihashi, N. Natural monopoly and distorted competition: evidence from unbundling fiber-optic networks. 2012. Nizovtseva, I. (2014). Generalization index of the economic interaction effectiveness between the natural monopoly and regions in case of multiple simultaneous projects. . Applied Mathematical Sciences. , 1223-1230. Stiglitz, J. E., Rosengard, J. K. (2015). Economics of the Public Sector: Fourth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company.

Religion Healthy Aging Essay Example

Religion Healthy Aging Essay A STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF SPIRITUALITY, RELIGION AND FUNCTIONAL HEALTH OF THE ELDERLY A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the School of Health Administration Kennedy-Western University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Health Administration by Kendall Brune St. Louis, Missouri Table of Contents Chapter 1 – Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 Statement of the Problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 Purpose of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Importance of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Scope of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Rationale of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Overview of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1 Definition of Terms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 141 Chapter 2 – Review of Related Literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 History of Religious Studies-Health Care†¦15 Demographic Trends in Health Care†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16 Science Religion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 23 Review-Religion in Medical School †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 26 The Relaxation Response: Harvard. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦26 Aging as a Spiritual Journey: Loyola†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦27 Faith- life-promoting: Emory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 30 Physician Religion: St. Louis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦31 International Center for the Integration of Health and Spirituality†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦. 34 Centers for Disease Control†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦35 Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Or ganizations (JCAHO) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 37 A Review of: Patient Satisfaction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 41 Spiritual Directives†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 42 ii Health Outcomes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 38 Spiritual Emotional Needs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 40 Clinical Cohorts from Benjamins†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦44 Clinical Cohorts from Daaleman†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 45 Patients Desire for Religion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 47 Clergy Issues in Healthcare†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦53 Ethical Issues in Healthcare †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. 56 Summaries Conclusions. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 57 Chapter 3 – Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 59 Approach of the Benjamins’ Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 61 Benjamins’ Conceptual Framework†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦61 Benjamins’ Study Mechanisms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦61 Benjamins’ Control Mechanisms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 62 Benjamins’ Social Resources †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 The Database of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 66 Variables in the Benjamins Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 71 The Approach of the Daaleman Study†¦.. 75 Daaleman’s Conceptual Framework†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 76 Daaleman’s Study Variables†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦77 Daaleman’s Well Being Questionnaire†¦.. 79 Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 86 Chapter 4†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 87 Demographics and Statistics†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 89 The Data Analysis for Daaleman†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 92 The Data Analysis for Daalema n†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 94 Data Charts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 96 Chapter 5†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦108 Theory on Aging†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 109 iii Recommendations/Action Items†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 112 Spiritual Care Assessment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 121 Role of the Physician†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 21 Conclusion: National Impact of Studies†¦132 Final Comment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 136 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. I Tables and Charts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. XVIII Chart 1: Faith Support Flowchart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦XVIII Table 1: Relative Risk of Dying, Strawbridge†¦XXI Table 2: Life Expectancy Religious Activity†¦XXI Table 3: JCAHO RI. 1. 13 Care @ End of Life†¦. XX Table 4: JCAHO Reading Referrals to Patients. XXII Table 5: Benjamins Statistical Results†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. XXIII Table 6: Daaleman – Demographics†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦XXV Table 7: Spirituality Index of Well Being†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. XXVII Appendices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. XXVIII A: Joint Commission Regulations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦XXVII We will write a custom essay sample on Religion Healthy Aging specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Religion Healthy Aging specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Religion Healthy Aging specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer B: SF – 12v1 Survey Description†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. LIII C: SES Descriptive Charts †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. LXIII D: Health Retirement and Survey Data†¦. LXVI E: JCAHO Spiritual Assessment Tool†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦CXXII F: Geriatric Depression Scale†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. CXXVI G: Spirituality Survey – 12-item Scale†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦CXXII iv Abstract of Dissertation A STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF SPIRITUALITY, RELIGION AND FUNCTIONAL HEALTH OF THE ELDERLY By KENDALL BRUNE Kennedy-Western University THE PROBLEM Religion is a source of comfort to some and a conflict to others. A study done by Gallop at Princeton claimed a vast majority of Americans (94%) claim to believe in God. Koenig’s study found among older Americans, 98% believe in God, and pray. Maungans, et al. found physicians tend to ignore religious issues in the care of their patients (Maugans, 1991. pp. 210-13). However, this trend is changing. As reported by Koenig (1999, p. 25) Hundreds of major scientific studies by other researchers have found statistical benefits to the consistant exposure to religion. The risk of dying from all causes is up to 35 percent lower for people who attend religious services once or more a week than for those who attend less frequently. This statistical significance has rompted two thirds of the medical schools to offer required or elective courses on religion, spirituality, and medicine. In the published medical literature, there is a conflict regarding the effects of religion on the functional health of older Americans. Sloan et al. reviewed the literature and found inconsistent and weak links between religion and health. In v contrast, the reviews by Levi n and Schiller and by Larson et al. found positive effects of religion on physical and mental health. Koenig and Benjamins found in their clinical research that religion has a direct relationship with functional health. Given this conflict, this study is a critical review of the medical literature and how two particular studies focus on whether the attendance at religious services has an inverse association with functional health among the elderly. The Daaleman study is a regional review of geriatric patients participating in a program at the University of Kansas Medical Center. Daaleman performed a cross-sectional analysis of 277 geriatric outpatients participating in a cohort study in the Comparatively, Maureen Benjamins from Kansas City area. the University of Texas at Austin developed a less involved tudy that is a longitudinal and cross sectional analysis of national data sets. Benjamins states it is critical to examine the possible differing effects of religion and functional health with the elderly population, because this age is rapidly expanding. More information on religion and functional health is also needed because the information is not conclusive, but rather conflictive. METHOD The go al of this study is to assess the impact (positive or negative) of religion on functional health outcomes. The Daaleman Study was a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from a larger cohort study. The parent study was designed to determine the feasibility of performance measures in predicting future health service utilization, health status, and functional status in older, community-dwelling primary care patients (Studenski, 2003). Patients underwent a home assessment of multiple health status, performance, and functional indicators by trained research assistants. A previously validated five-item measure of religiosity was utilized from the National Opinion Research Center in Chicago, and a twelve-item spirituality instrument developed in an earlier vi Daaleman Study (2002) were embedded during the final data ollection. The current study represents data collected 36 months after enrollment. Participants were older adults who were screened and recruited for the parent study between April and November of 1996 from primary care sites within a Veteran’s Affairs (VA) network (n = 142) and a Medicare health management organization (HMO) (n = 350) serving the Kansas City metro politan area. The Benjamins Study used the Assets and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old Survey, a nationally representative, longitudinal data set, to estimate the effects of religious attendance and salience on functional health in the elderly. The primary study hypothesis proposes that religious attendance and salience will be associated with a decrease in functional limitations for older respondents. FINDINGS In conclusion, the researcher presents the results of this study as a contribution to the growing body of knowledge regarding the issue of religion services and its positive impact on functional health of the elderly. The results of the current studies in review were consistent with the previous studies by Idler and Kast (1997), which also found that â€Å"more frequent church attendance is associated with lower levels of disability. Despite the limitations of the various studies, the preponderance of evidence supports the beneficial effects of religion on health outcomes. The need for ongoing research in this area is evident. Considering the elderly think religion is important, religion likely benefits health outcomes, and religion is without financial cost, health care providers should include religion in the care of their elderly patients. vii Chapter 1: Introduction Spirituality and Faith Communities Throughout history, humans have suffered ills and sought healing. In response, the two healing traditions— religion and medicine—historically have joined hands in aring for the sick. The same person often conducted these efforts; the spiritual leader was also the healer. Hospitals, which were first established in monasteries then spread by missionaries, often carry the names of saints or faith communities. As medical science matured, healing and religion diverged. Rather than simply asking God to spare their children from smallpox, people began vaccinating them. Rather than seeking a spiritual healer when burning with bacterial fever, they turned to antibiotics. It was a very logical progression, but has lacked the human compassion experience. However, the separation between religion and medicine is now shrinking. Spirituality has made a comeback (Koenig, 2001, p. 25): †¢ †¢ †¢ Since 1995, Harvard Medical School has annually attracted 1000 to 2000 health professionals to its Spirituality and Healing in Medicine conferences. Duke University, a leading Research Medical Institution in the United States, has established a Center for the Study of Religion/Spirituality and Health. 86 of Americas 126 medical schools offered spirituality and health courses in 2002, up from 5 in 1992 (Koenig, 2001). 1 †¢ †¢ 94 percent of HMO professionals and 99 percent of amily physicians agreeing that personal prayer, meditation, or other spiritual and religious practices can enhance medical treatment. (Yankelovich,1997) This renewed convergence of religion and medicine appears in such books as The Faith Factor (Viking, 1998), The Healing Power of Faith (Simon Schuster, 1999), Religion and Health (Oxford University Press , 2000), and Faith and Health (Guilford, 2001). Is there fire underneath all this smoke? Do religion and spirituality actually relate to health, as polls show four out of five Americans have believed (Matthews, 1997)? Statement of Problem: Does Faith Impact Health Healing? More than a thousand studies have sought to correlate the faith factor with health and healing. Does religion significantly influence the health outcomes of the elderly? Very few studies have followed cohorts long enough to examine a cause and effect relationship. It is possible the increasing levels of religious participation may strengthen the functional health of the elderly (Benjamins, 2004, pp. 355-74). Kark and his colleagues in 1996 compared the death rates for 3900 Israelis either in 1 of 11 religiously orthodox or in 1 of 11 matched nonreligious collective communities (Kark, 1996, pp. 341-46). The researchers reported that over a 16-year period, belonging to a religious collective was associated with a strong protective effect not 2 explained by age or economic differences (Kark, 1996, p. 345). Koenig and Larson have found religion has a salutary or protective effect on a variety of health outcomes. Despite numerous studies that indicate positive benefits from religious involvement, Sloan states the evidence is not empirical. It is the â€Å"Sharp Shooters Accuracy† model of study. If you take a sharp shooter out and have him fire six rounds into a concrete wall and then draw a target, the accuracy will be incredible. Sloan believes it is hard to control for all the variables involved in religious beliefs. Purpose of the study The purpose of this study is to review two significant different cohort groups that were focused on the impact of religion on the health outcomes of elderly individuals. The first study was a large national longitudinal study completed by Benjamins at the University of Texas at Austin. One of the concluding remarks was that smaller, regional studies should be completed to accommodate for denominational influences over lifestyle and environmental variations. The second study in comparison is a small regional nalysis completed in a large midwestern metropolitan area. Daaleman and colleagues from the University of Kansas Medical Center completed a smaller regional study focused on elderly clients served through its outpatient clinics. In every age group, those belonging to the religious communities were about half as likely as their nonreligious counterparts to have died. To fu rther understand the 3 relationship among religion, spirituality, and self-reported health status, Daaleman performed a secondary analysis of the parent studies cross-sectional data. Daaleman utilized a health status model developed by Johnson and Wolinsky s the research model to examine the relationship between self-reported health status and religiosity (Johnson, 1994). A similar large cohort study of 91,909 persons in one Maryland county found those who attended religious services weekly were less likely to die during the study period than those who did not—53 percent less from coronary disease, 53 percent less due to suicide, and 74 percent less from psoriasis of the liver (Comstock Partridge, 1972). In response to such findings, Sloan and his skeptical colleagues remind us that mere correlations can leave many factors uncontrolled (Sloan, 1999). Consider one bvious possibility: Women are more religiously active than men, and women outlive men. So perhaps this might sugg est religious involvement is merely an expression of the gender effect on longevity. Importance of the Study Epidemiologist Strawbridge and his co-workers followed 5286 Alameda, California, adults over 28 years. After adjusting for age and education, the researchers found that not smoking, regular exercise, and religious attendance all predicted a lowered risk of death in any given year. Women attending weekly religious services, for example, were only 4 54 percent as likely to die in a typical study-year, as were non-attendees. With the focus of health maintenance organizations centered on prevention and profit, religious activity might soon become a question for new insured’s (Strawbridge et al. , 1997, 1999; Oman et al. , 2002). A National Health Interview Survey (Hummer et al. , 1999) followed 21,204 people over 8 years. After controlling for age, sex, race, and religion, researchers found nonattendees were 1. 87 times more likely (See Table 1) to have died than were those attending more than weekly. This translated into a life expectancy at age 20 of 83 years for frequent attendees and 75 years for infrequent attendees. Hummer showed regular attendance at religious services is associated with an additional eight years of life expectancy when compared to never attending. These effects of religious attendance were consistent across all age, gender, and race/ethnicity groups and for all major causes of death (Hummer et al. , 1999, pp. 273-85). Dychtwald, psychologist, gerontologist and entrepreneur, suggests the educated senior consumer desires to take charge of the quality of life by participating in his/her mental and physical well-being. If there is an increased awareness of positive mental and physical health enefits for seniors, marketing dollars will be redirected toward spiritual health in this growing demographic (Dychtwald, 2005). The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) has acknowledged that patients’ â€Å"psychosocial, spiritual, and cultural values affect 5 how they respond to their care† (Joint Commission Resources: 2003 Comprehensive Accredi tation Manual for Hospitals: The Official Handbook. 2003, p. RI-8) and has addressed spirituality and emotional well-being as aspects of patient care. Researchers’ interest in the connections between mind and body (Damasio, 1999; Penrose, 1999) oincides with increasing interest in the holistic view of health care, in which emotional and spiritual needs are considered inextricable from physical and psychological needs (Sherbourne et al. , 1999, pp. 357-63). For example, Standard RI. 1. 3. 5 refers to â€Å"pastoral care and other spiritual services† (p. RI-15). The intent for Standard RI. 1. 2. 8, â€Å"The hospital addresses care at the end of life† (p. RI-13), refers to â€Å"responding to the psychological, social, emotional, spiritual, and cultural concerns of the patient and family† (p. RI-13). Scope of the Study The purpose of the Benjamins Study is to examine the nteraction of religion and spirituality with self-reported health status in a community -dwelling geriatric population. The two main studies in review differ in scope and breadth of patients sampled. The Benjamins Study utilizes the national data base AHEAD, developed by the University of Michigan. The Benjamins Study review found over 1200 comprehensive reviews (Koenig, 2001 Larson, 1998) have focused on the association between religion and physical and mental health (Chatter, 2000, pp. 355-67; Ellison Levin, 1998, pp. 700-20; Jarvis Northcott, 1987, pp. 813-24). The Daaleman Study is a regional review of geriatric patients participating in a program at the University of Kansas Medical Center. Daaleman performed a crosssectional analysis of 277 geriatric outpatients participating in a cohort study in the Kansas City area. This study tested the hypothesis from a large continental longitudinal study design to a focused univariate and multivariate logistical regression analysis study design from a specific region of the United States. In a national health survey financ ed by the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, religiously active people had longer life expectancies (Hummer, et al. 1999). These co-relational findings do not indicate non-attendees who start attending services and change nothing else will live eight years longer (See Table 2), but they do indicate as a predictor of health and longevity, religious involvement rivals nonsmoking and exercise effects. Such findings demand explanation. First, religiously active people tend to have healthier life-styles; for example, they smoke and drink less (Koenig, 1999, p. 24; Strawbridge et al. , 2001, pp. 957-61). Religiously orthodox Israelis eat less fat than do their nonreligious compatriots. But such differences are not reat enough to explain the dramatically reduced mortality in the religious kibbutzim, argued the Israeli researchers. In the recent American studies, too, about 75 percent of the longevity difference remains after controlling for unhealthy behaviors such as inacti vity and smoking (Musick et al. , 1999, pp. 73-86). Social support is another variable that helps explain the faith factor (George et al. , 2002, p. 115). For Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, faith is not solo spirituality but a 7 communal experience that helps satisfy the need to belong. The more than 350,000 faith communities in North America nd the millions more elsewhere provide support networks for their active participants—people who are there for one another when misfortune strikes. Moreover, religion encourages another predictor of health and longevity— marriage. In the religious kibbutzim, for example, divorce is almost nonexistent. But even after controlling for gender, unhealthy behaviors, social ties, and preexisting health problems, the mortality studies find much of the mortality reduction remaining (George et al. , 2000, pp. 102-116). Healthy Behaviors Religious Involvement Social Support (Faith Groups) Health (Absence of Illness) Positive Emotions Hope /optimism (Adapted from: Koenig Larson, 1998) Researchers therefore speculate a third set of intervening variables is the stress protection and enhanced well-being associated with a coherent worldview, a sense of hope for the long-term future, feelings of ultimate 8 acceptance, and the relaxed meditation of prayer or Sabbath observance. These variables might also help to explain other recent findings, such as healthier immune functioning and fewer hospital admissions among religiously active people (Koenig, 1999, p. 25; Koenig et al. , 1995, pp. 365-75). Rationale of the study Hospitals have often assigned the responsibility of ddressing emotional and spiritual issues to chaplains or to pastoral teams. Yet others—nurses, physicians, clinicians, and other caregivers—play equally important roles. The hospital staff’s ability to address patients’ emotional and spiritual needs factors into patients’ perceptions of the overall experience of care, the p rovider, and the organization. Patients have a desire to feel their circumstances and feelings are appreciated and understood by the health care team professionals. Shojania states it as follows, â€Å"If patients feel that the attention they receive is genuinely caring and tailored to eet their needs, it is far more likely that they will develop trust and confidence in the organization† (Shojania Bero, 2001, p. 160). A comprehensive literature review was completed by JCAHO staff to guide hospital administrators’ management of patients’ emotional and spiritual needs. This review provided the national literature benchmark for hospitalized patients’ emotional and spiritual needs and presents JCAHO’s survey findings on the importance of these needs in patients’ perceptions of care. Three questions are 9 addressed: (Values and Beliefs Respected; RI. 2. 10. May, 2005. Appendices A) 1. Are patients’ emotional and spiritual needs important? 2. Are hospitals effective in addressing these needs? 3. What strategies should guide improvement in the near future and long-term? The religion factor is multidimensional and therefore, very hard to measure. Although the religion-health correlation is yet to be fully explained Pincus, deputy medical director of the American Psychiatric Association, believes these findings have made clear that anyone involved in providing health care services . . . cannot ignore . . . the important connections between spirituality, religion, and health (Pincus, 1995). Consider the fact that older Americans will more than double in number from 35 million today to 70 million by year 2030. Already, some 6,000 Americans turn age 65 every day in our country. In just 10 years, the number reaching that personal milestone will rise to about 10,000 Americans each day. As hard as it may be for some to admit, the very icons of American youth and the Baby Boom generation will soon become part of the largest Medicare generation in history (Alliance for Aging Research. â€Å"Social Security Widow(er) Insurance Benefits† Web site report, 2005). 10 Overview of the study Religion and spirituality have entered the agenda of research on psychosocial factors in health. Benjamins found over 1200 comprehensive reviews have focused on the association between religion and physical and mental health (Chatters, 2000, pp. 335-67; Ellison Levin, 1998, pp. 700-20; Jarvis Northcott, 1987, pp. 813-24). These studies have separately reported both long-term and shortterm beneficial effects of individual religiousness on physical health status. The goal of this study is to assess the impact (positive or negative) of religion on functional health outcomes. The Daaleman Study performed a crosssectional analysis of 277 geriatric outpatients participating in a cohort study in the Kansas City area. Patients underwent a home assessment of multiple health status and functional indicators by trained research assistants. A previously validated 5-item measure of religiosity and 12item spirituality instrument were embedded during the final data collection. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the relationship between each factor and self-reported health status. The Benjamins Study used the Assets and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old Survey, a nationally epresentative, longitudinal data set, to estimate the effects of religious attendance and salience on functional health in the elderly. The primary study hypothesis proposes that religious attendance and salience will be associated with a decrease in functional limitations for older respondents. This review of literature is a small snapshot of findings that represe nts a variety of national population groups, 11 validated outcome measures, different study designs, various analytical techniques, multiple follow-up periods, and focused geographic regions. 12 Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature A History of Religious Studies in Health Care Most of the time, a doctors advice for successful aging would offer the familiar mantras of good health: quit smoking, exercise regularly, and eat five to seven helpings of fruits and vegetables a day. Yet perhaps the day could be coming when your family physician might prescribe some unusual advice: go to your house of worship, meditate, and pray. In the United States, the traditional boundaries between church and state are blurring with President George W. Bushs recent initiative to allow faithbased charities to compete for government funding. Family medical providers emphasize medical care for the whole erson, which includes the complete understanding of a patient’s family and living environment. Daaleman completed a survey in 1998 that showed 72% of the physicians interviewed were interested in training in prayer, but only 33% believed in prayer as a legitimate medical practice. King’s research within healthcare settings found that â€Å"religious and spiritual bel iefs wield substantial influence on patient health benefits, and some may directly affect clinical outcomes† (King, 1994, p. 351). Might the boundaries between medicine and religion be blurring as well? Does the Baby Boomer generation eally want to know this information? According to Keyes (2002) the Baby Boomer generations are better economic consumers and civic citizens, investing in methods and products that improve health outcomes (Keyes, 2002, p. 55) January 1, 2011, is more than just a 65th birthday for the first of the 76 million Baby Boomers in the United 13 States. On this date, Baby Boomers will begin to enter the rolls of many federal programs. This will undoubtedly place a substantial economic burden onto both the government and taxpayers alike. However, it is important to strengthen our research on medicine and religion now in order to repare the nation for the influx of older Americans, as they help to preserve the independence and quality of life of our nationâ €™s seniors (Alliance for Aging: Medicare Report, 2005). Demographics Economic Impact So many creative and innovative programs are being implemented by faith communities throughout the nation that we can begin to think in terms of a faith and health movement in America. The objective of the Interfaith Health Program is to nurture this movement, because health is central to the mission of every faith tradition (Gunderson, 2002). The contributions of faith communities to health and ealing have been relatively insignificant in this century. This was due largely to the scientific breakthroughs that gave modern medicine enormous prestige and power. However, concern for healing was never lost in faith communities. This concern was evident in prayers for the sick, the establishment of Jewish and Christian hospitals, medical missions, and the practice of faith healing. Until recently, however, both medical and faith groups have focused almost exclusively on the treatment of disease. Th e emphasis in the last two decades has shifted from healing to health, from a narrow focus on physical ailments, 14 o the health of the whole person. This shift of emphasis, as welcome as it is, still reflects a narrow individualism within our culture. The leading edge of the faith and health movement is focusing attention on the health of communities. A bipartisan effort in congress was pushed by the United Jewish Federation in partnership with other faith groups to pass a critical piece of legislation call â€Å"The Return to Home† bill. Under the â€Å"Return to Home† legislation, most hospitalized elderly patients of all faith groups living in senior facilities and who are temporarily hospitalized will not be prohibited by their HMO s from eturning to their local communities for post-hospitalization recovery and rehabilitation (Koenig, 2004, p. 43). Promoting health is the challenge both religious and health leaders face as America ages into the next century. No Am ericans want to be without modern medical advances, but health is more than the absence of disease. It involves mental and spiritual well-being as well as physical health. It involves the health of communities as well as the health of individuals. Physicians should be aware of the role religion plays in how patients cope with illness. Scientists are only now beginning to discover the owerful effects the mind and social relationships can have on health outcomes. By reclaiming health as part of their mission, faith groups once again are partners with other community agencies in improving health (Koenig, 1999, pp. 42-43). Where do the healthcare policy makers need to focus their efforts? First, more than half of the leading causes of death in this country are preventable. Deaths 15 due to alcohol, tobacco, and inactivity would decrease significantly if lifestyles were modified. The 10 Leading Medical Causes of Death Deaths Lifestyle Factors Deaths Leading to Half of Them Heart Disease 20,000 Tobacco Cancer 505,000 Diet, Sedentary 300,000 Lifestyle Cerebrovascular Disease 144,000 Alcohol 100,000 Accidents 92,000 Infections 90,000 Chronic Pulmonary Disease 87,000 Toxic Agents 60,000 Pneumonia and Influenza 80,000 Firearms 35,000 Diabetes 48,000 Sexual Behavior 30,000 Suicide 31,000 Motor Vehicles 25,000 Liver Disease, Cirrhosis 26,000 Illicit Drug Use 20,000 AIDS 25,000 400,000 16 Total 2,148,000 Total 1,060,000 (McGinnis Foege, 1993). In addition to promoting lifestyle changes, faith groups share with public health agencies a commitment to social justice as this relates to health. There is a clear connection between socioeconomic status (SES) and health. No matter how SES is measured, persons who are impoverished, homeless, or vulnerable are likely to have negative health patterns. Health is a goal for everybody, but socioeconomic status factors undermine it in spite of personal efforts. Because health is a goal for all, community members have a moral imperative to address socioeconomic status (McGinnis, 1993, pp. 2207-2211). Public health agencies and faith communities share social justice as a fundamental core value. This provides a basis for collaboration. Community-level systemic change n addressing problems like substance abuse and violence can best be achieved through partnership. Aging Stats: †¢ In 10 years, 10,000 Americans will turn 65 each day. †¢ By 2030, the older population of the United States will have doubled to more than 70 million people. †¢ By 2050, the â€Å"oldest old† (over age 85) will increase almost fourfold, from 4 million today, to nearly 19 million by 2050. 17 Boomer Health Care Needs: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ In 2011, hospital spending is expected to reach $885. 2 billion (CMS, National Health Expenditures, 2002). Prescription drug expenditures for 2011 are expected to reach $435. 2 billion (CMS, National Health Expenditures, 2002). Nursing home expenditures will reach an expected $164. 4 billion in 2011 (CMS, National Health Expenditures, 2002). It is estimated that by 2010, 2. 6 million Americans will be moved to a nursing home (Data from Bureau of US Census, 2005). By 2010, expenses related to Alzheimer’s disease are expected to increase by 54. 5% to $49. 3 billion (Medicare and Medicaid Costs for People with Alzheimer’s disease. Washington, D. C. : April 2001: The Lewin Group). By 2050, the need for direct care/long-term care workers will grow from 4. 2 million workers to 8. 6 million, though this workforce is expected to increase nly slightly (HH

Essay on Jefferson Essays - Thomas Jefferson, Free Essays

Essay on Jefferson Essays - Thomas Jefferson, Free Essays Essay on Jefferson Essay on Jefferson Jefferson had destroyed political traditions. From his contradictions and defecting his priciples, Jefferson destroyed the political precedent and is a exemplatory hypocrite, which can be seen throughout his administration. Jefferson was an admired statesman who was grappling unsuccessfully with the moral issue of slavery. Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence, opposed slavery his whole life, yet he never freed his own slaves. He championed Enlightenment principles, yet never freed himself of the prejudices of his soceity. Jefferson was extremely hypocritical in the issue of slavery. Jefferson was a plantation owner early in his life, and had slaves working for him throughout his life. Jefferson had tolerated while he didn't accept others who owned slaves. Jefferson denounced the slave owners, while he was owning and using slaves. Although Jefferson was supposedly a good slave owner, his hypocritical nature made him accuse others not to own slaves while he, himself was owning slaves. Another part of the hypocrisy was that Jefferson believed that the slaves were dependent upon the white man, while he, himself was dependent upon the slaves. Jefferson also was hypocritcal in his acquisition of the Loisiana territory. In Jeffersonian principles, large expansive governments were bad, and small was good. This was a antithesis of that principle. Jefferson knew that the acquisition of the Loisiana territory was beneficial to the welfare of the U.S. According to the constitution, nowhere in the constitution is the acquisition of land a right of the government, Jeffersons' predisposition was to strictly go by the constitution (as seen with the national bank controversy), this is another contradiction during his administration. Since the appropriation of the Lousiana territory was important for the expansion of the united states, he temporarily dismissed his principles, therefore destroying political traditions. Another hypocritical event during Jeffersons' administration was his acceptance of the National Bank. Early in Jefferson's political career, Jefferson had debated with Hamilton on whether to have the National Bank. "When this government was first established, it was possible to have kept it going on true principles, but the contracted, English, half-lettured ideas of Hamilton destroyed that hope in the bud, We can pay off his debts in 15 years." Early in Jefferson's Administration, Jefferson had denounced the National Bank. At the end of his administration, Jefferson realized that the National Bank was important and this is hypocritical by disregarding his principles. The Burr conspiracy depicted Jefferson as a ruthless, and a individual who will do anything inorder to achieve his goal. Jefferson championed civil liberties and unalienable rights. Yet, Jefferson violated civil liberties by coercing witnesses, arrested with out habeus corpus and prosecuting in a "court" of his own. Jefferson and Jeffersonians are hypocrites from the start and they destroyed political tradition as seen during Jeffersons' administration. Jeffersonians show an immense amount of hypocritism in their policies. For example, Federalists had supported high tarriffs, inorder to protect national manufacturers and american industry. The tarriffs were a vital determinent, which kept the economy of the United States viable. The Jeffersonians, not the Federalists began the American system of protecting american industry which initially was a major constituent of the federalist platform.

Persuasive Film Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Persuasive Film Analysis - Essay Example The fireworks are revealed to be part of a celebration of Al Gore's election to the Presidency in 2000. The dream sequence that follows appeals to Democrats' hopes, dreams, and expectations on a very basic, fundamental level. Contrasted with that is the conspiracy information that a Bush cousin is an executive for Fox Channel in Florida and Bush’s brother Jeb, the Governor of Florida, promised George that he would win. Moore’s film suggests that the means by which Bush won Florida and thus the Presidency was not legitimate, convincingly causing the audience to feel curiosity and a growing sense of unease. Once the dream segment is over, the movie restarts with a black screen and the sounds of the streets of New York the day the planes hit the World Trade Center. In addition to very effective continued emotional appeals, Moore uses well-documented evidence, such as news videos of the moment Bush received news of the attack and callously turned back to reading to a group of children, to prove that George Bush was a bad president. Not only did he steal the election, but he did not effectively respond to emergencies and he was politically compromised by family and business interests. Other evidence he offers includes interviews with influential people, verifiable historic events, photographed images, and documents that he shows on the screen. The evidence is highly convincing and effectively distributed throughout the film to maintain variety and interest. A specific sequence that demonstrates the logic of the presentation occurs as the film examines the business connections between the Saudi Arabian government and the Bush family. Records of the passengers on each of the planes showed that nine of the 13 hijackers were of Saudi nationality, bringing up a disturbing connection. Video records showed that the senior Bush was engaged in a meeting with the Carlyle Group, of which he and the Bin Laden family are involved, on the morning of the attach. Addi tional records illustrate that the younger Bush was bailed out of his several business failures by large financial investments from Saudi business groups during a time when his father was head of the CIA and Vice President. Through this progression, Moore leads the audience to the conclusion that the Bush family must be more personally loyal to the Saudis than to the country they professed to lead. This conclusion is underlined with the parting shot reminding the audience that the only planes flying that day were military planes and a private airline quickly evacuating members of the Bin Laden family safely out of the U.S. The film has many strengths, including the elements listed above, but one of the weaknesses of the film is the overwhelming elements of the conspiracy theory Moore is developing. While the arguments are convincing because they are supported by strong evidence, the accusations are vast. He suggests not only that Bush stole the election with help from people who kne w he was incompetent, but he did so in order to further the personal interests of his family and friends. From the U.S. involvement in Afghanistan to the degradation of civil rights including the Patriot Act, the government’s misuse of terror warnings, and, in the final section of the movie, the conflict in Iraq, Moore's march is relentless and can be oppressive. Because of its approach, the film was easily accepted as truth by people who already criticized Bush before they saw the film, but

Interactive Listening Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interactive Listening - Research Paper Example This means that the listener should make sure that the speaker speaks at a speed that could not hinder his understanding. He should also ensure that the speaker uses understandable explanations and makes repetition when necessary. According to Stitt (2004), the three major techniques for effective interactive listening are paraphrasing, acknowledging emotions, and asking clarifying questions. Paraphrasing is trying to state the content spoken by the speaker in one’s own words. When the ideas spoken by the speaker are paraphrased, the listener tries to understand them in his own context. This would promote understanding and alertness of the listener. The interactive listening technique of acknowledging emotions involves use of actions like nodding by the listener to show whether he understands or not. This technique could be very appropriate especially to shy listeners who are unable to react verbally to ideas spoken by the speaker. The other interactive listening technique involves asking the speaker to clarify his ideas if you do not understand them. This technique gives the listener a chance to react verbally to what he is hearing, which can promote his understanding of the ideas spoken by the speake r. This week, we have learned several ideas that can help promote a communication as well as enhancing communication abilities. Among the ideas, the one that I did not know before is the idea of accommodating cultural differences in a communication. As Samovar, Porter & McDaniel (2009, p. 353) state, â€Å"communication competence requires more than just opening the door for listener-speaker dialogue.† This is because communication takes place in culturally diverse settings. Individuals in such settings have several cultural differences that result to factors that could hinder communication. However, if the cultural differences are accommodated, then the factors

Sports Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Sports Management - Essay Example As the paper declares motivation often refers to the complex forces or other mechanisms that stimulate one to start and maintain a voluntary activity, aiming towards the achievement of personal goals. Scholars in Organizational Behavior research explain motivational theories from two different perspectives. One is from the content theories of motivation while the other is the process of motivation. Content theories are interested in whatever motivates individuals in the workplace. This discussion stresses that the theory of the hierarchy of needs, developed by Maslow in 1943 suggests that people have specific requirements that are important to human life. The most elementary needs are physiological followed by safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. Maslow’s theory is accepted and used broadly and applies effectively to the sports sector. Need is considered to be a critical factor that determines the benefits of stimulus for an individual. Based on this theory, Knowles also concludes that volunteerism is a means for serving society. Thus, the theory tends to emphasize on the egoistic aspect out of the various types of volunteer motivations. Through this theory, volunteers recognize that they have capabilities, freedom, and confidence to address chronical social problems in society. For instance, the application of this theory has led to an increase in the numbers of volunteers at the Olympic Games from almost zero to 40,917 used duri ng the 2000 Olympic Games held in Sydney.

Tropicana Marketing Strategy

Tropicana Marketing Strategy Not many people know about the benefits of drinking juices. The core marketing strategy should be to make people aware the benefits and additional advantages should be highlighted. Surveys should be done to increase awareness among the people. This will in result help the organization to increase the shares in market and get more profits. Vision The underlying vision of the company is to become the worlds premier beverage industry and thereby creating healthy financial rewards and growth. Moreover they are also of the opinion to provide largest range of refreshing, preservative fruit beverages for health and well being of every household (tropicana.com, 2013). Core Objectives The core objectives of the company are to increase awareness of the Tropicana Juice, to inform people that the product is composed of 100% natural ingredients and to portray the product as a healthy drink. They are promoting health and wellness of the individuals and focus only on reformulation. The biggest advantage the company has strong product portfolio which is assisted them in developing niche business. Target Market Primary Adults: 21- 30. These people are more concerned about their health and are usually professionals. Choose nutritious diet Concerned about their outlook Dont care much about the price. Secondary Elderly: 50+. People who are more about their health rather than outlook Require solutions for health problems Concerned about diseases. Want a longer life. Channels for Marketing Tropicana juice has made use of print advertising as well as television commercials for years. These will be the channels of marketing for now as well. The advertising will highlight the benefits of juice and also show how children enjoy the product. Advertising The previous ads showed the Tropicana Pure Premium Orange Creations range of mixed juices, as the company was looking to increase awareness of products other than its orange juice In 2012, the marketing campaign came up with a new tagline Tap Into Nature. Tap Into Nature highlighted Tropicanas relationships with its growing networks and, in the U.S., says that its juice was made from 100% Florida oranges. It was big change for the company, which for several years had been using a blend of Florida and imported oranges (Berinstein, 2003). Recently Tropicana introduces a new marketing campaign. It was a crowd specific advertising campaign made of tweets posted by New-Yorkers. TheÂÂ  tweets featuring the hashtag #WorstMorningEverÂÂ  were reviewed by the team, and the more interesting ones are used and displayed in the subway, on busses, in stores, on billboards or on taxis. People would tweet all day telling a story about impressive that occurred to them in the morning and that Tropicana Juice changed their moods (Meeks, 2010). Web Presence Tropicana has a lot of web presence which shows that they are making used of the power of social networking sites such as Google+, twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn etc. Tropicana can enhance their web presence for advertising purposes (Grewal, 2011). Other media plan choices can be: Billboards Magazines Radio Core Strategies Their advertising print and media will be based on two messages: 1. 100% pure drink 2. Large amount of Fruit in Each Bottle They have selected these themes because they would be most effective in reaching their health-conscious target audience of 21-30 year-old people. The goals of their campaign are to increase product awareness and increase sales. Therefore, they must first increase awareness of Tropicana health benefits to increase sales of the product. Tropicana uses health benefits and humor as consistent themes in their advertisement to attract the attention of their audience. Sometimes advertisements are planned to raise awareness of the product, and some are advertisements that are intended to promote sales. The beginning commercials will be made on account of increasing the awareness of people. The later ones will be based on increasing the sale because it will be assumed that people are familiar with it (Llc, 2010). Marketing Recommendations Product Make clearer packaging to make it more close to natural. Price -Prices should be lowered as an increased price decreases the number of buyer from purchasing. Placement Expand distribution area. Keep product location consistent within grocery stores. Measurement Method The two major aims we set in this advertising campaign are to increase awareness of Tropicana Juice from 30-40% and to increase its sales by 30%. To make sure that their progress towards getting their objectives done is accurate we will conduct surveys before starting the plan, after each phase, and finally at the end of the campaign. The survey will include likeness of the product, purchasing history, how people are aware about the product, and likeness towards the brand. By surveying before and after each phase, assessment can be done to check their advertising efforts and if any required, necessary changes can be made to keep us on the track to successful campaigning. As we mentioned earlier, we plan on conducting post testing to measure consumer attitude towards the product (Laszlo, 2008). It is of core importance that buyers are pleased with Tropicana Juice and that they all view at it as a healthy and fresh option to drink. 500 buyers will be interviewed before and after each phase to make sure that the efforts being done is advertising for raising awareness and promotion is successful or not and if the sales have increased to the target level. A sales test can be done to determine the percentage of growth in sales. Using these measurement methods, we can know if their advertising campaign was successful in meeting their goals within the timeframe (Hephaestus, 2011). Keys to Success They keys to success is that store design will be both visually attractive to customers and intended for fast and well-organized operations. The marketing strategies are aimed to put together a solid base of loyal customers. They have created an atmosphere where employees love coming to work and can bring in good money. They are committed to providing excellent quality juices at all time. Conclusion The market of juices is increasing because the utilization of juices increases every year and it is also anticipated that it will be increase continually due people change the life style and more health conscious attitude. They prefer juices on other soft drink. Consumers want to drink fresh juices on a regular basis as they are increasingly adopting Western lifestyles, particularly the younger generation which is enormously influenced by the Western media.

Heavens Delight - Vanilla :: Botany

Heaven's Delight - Vanilla Commercial vanilla is the fruit (capsule) obtained from several different species of Orchidaceae, namely, Vanilla pompona Schiede (West Indian vanilla), Vanilla tahitiensis J. M. Moore (Tahiti vanilla) and Vanilla planifolia Jackson (Mexican vanilla). The most important is Vanilla planifolia Jackson, from which almost all vanilla fruits come from (Ferrà £o, 1993). The genus Vanilla has about 100 species, and the Orchidaceae family is one of the largest in the Plant Kingdom, with more or less 20,000 species. Etymologically, the word vanilla came from the Spanish vainilla, which means a small pod, due to the great similarity between this fruit and a true pod (Ferrà £o, 1992; Mabberley, 1993). Floriculture is the field that we immediately recall when we think of orchid plants. However, the genus Vanilla is the only one of the family that is of direct economic interest. Some rural societies in Turkey and Greece still use salep, a staple flour made from the tubers of certain orchids, especially those included in the genus Orchis. Although the use of orchids for this purpose is rather localised, it is bringing some species of this genus to the edge of extinction (Baumann, 1996). The vanilla plant is a vine, native from the tropical forests of Central America and some areas of South America. In its natural habitat, it may reach a length of 25 meters, climbing with the help of adventitious roots. The stems are thick and fleshy green; the leaves are alternate, long elliptical, sessile and bright green. The flowers, in clusters, appear in the leaf axils. They live only 8 hours and die if fertilization fails to occur. The plant blooms three years after the cuttings are planted and the yellow greenish fruits many have up to 90,000 seeds, taking five to seven months to mature. The fruit is scentless when harvested, it has a length between 10 to 25 cm and a weight of 5 to 30g (Ferrà £o, 1993). Vanilla was brought to Europe by the Spanish conquerors of the New World. They found it in Mexico, when Montezuma, the last Aztec Emperor, offered them a drink made of chocolate, vanilla, red pepper and honey. Local aristocracy used it to flavor chocolate, a custom still practised today (Brosse et al. 1989). The Dutch introduced vanilla in Java (Indonesia), a former European colony in East Indies, at the beginning of the nineteenth century and the French did the same in the Reunion Island, Mauritius and Madagascar, all located in the Southwest Indian Ocean.