The Physics of the Human Voice Essay -- Biology Science Essays

The Physics of the Human Voice The voice is our primary mean of communication and expression. We rarely last more than a few minutes without its use whether it is talking to someone else or humming quietly to ourselves. We can use the voice artistically in many ways. For example, singing carries the rhythm and melody of speech. It creates patterns of pitch, loudness, and duration that tie together syllables, phrases and sentences. We use the voice for survival, emotion, expression, and to reflect our personality. The loss of the voice is a severe curtailment to many professions. It is affected by general body condition which is why we need to consider the location of the larynx and how that organ produces voice. Surprisingly, this complex biological design is mechanical in function. It is mechanical to the point that when it has been excised from a cadaver and mounted on a laboratory bench, the larynx produces sounds resembling normal phonation. (Titze, Principles) The larynx, known as the voice box, consists of an outer casing of nine cartilages that are connected to one another by muscles and ligaments. There are three unpaired cartilages and six paired. The unpaired cartilages include the thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis. The thyroid cartilage is the largest and better known as the Adam’s apple. The cricoid cartilage is the most inferior cartilage of the larynx which forms the base of the larynx on which the other cartilages rest. Together, the thyroid and cricoid cartilages maintain an open passageway for air movement. The epiglottis and vestibular folds, or false vocal chords, prevent swallowed material from moving into the larynx. The paired cartilages, accounting for the remaining six, include the arytenoid (ladl... ...rynx for speech. Anatomy is very important when considering the physics of the voice. Much of the head, neck, and chest play an important role in sound production. Although the larynx is biological it is very mechanical in function. Mechanical means that we study objects in motion and the associated forces that produce that motion. The same three universal laws made famous by Sir Isaac Newton apply to the voice. The larynx can then become a nonbiological sound source. When compared to other instrument made by human hands the voice is not ideal in structure. Tissues found in the human body do not vibrate as easily or as predictably as the strings of a piano or the reed of a clarinet. One can speculate that our bodies are still evolving to create a sound more conducive in structure. Considering all that we can do with our voices, I doubt we will hear much complaining.

Cell phones Essay

First, cell phones are impersonal and rather anti-social. If a kid were using their phone to text during class all the time, they would not need to be as good at actually talking to others, which would degenerate social skills, which are very important in life for jobs, creating good family relationships, and making and keeping friends. It is not just about safety or reassurance. Yes, I want my kids to call each morning when they arrive at school and each afternoon when they leave, and there are so few pay phones anymore on which to do that. However, my children’s lives are also enriched by the freedom to travel to a variety of extracurricular activities or social engagements without an adult chaperone. That is only possible because an adult is just a phone call away. If children are not allowed to keep their cell phones during the school day—off and in their backpacks or lockers—the school system is governing my parenting and my children’s behavior during non-school time. The affecting school has no such right. Besides, teachers should be teaching, not spending precious time tagging and bagging confiscated electronics. Secondly, the mobile phones can be a distraction to the students if the school allows them to bring. For instance, during lesson time, it is known that students cannot use it when the teacher is teaching. Some students may just use it underneath their desks or behind their textbook and ultimately this will affect their grades. Lastly, bringing mobile phones to school will only increase the temptations of other students to steal the phones. As some students have the newest, latest phones like the ‘iPhone 4s’ and ‘Samsung Galaxy S2†², some bad students may keep a look out and might steal from them. Not only will the victim be disheartened, the thief will think that he or she will be able to get away from it every time. However, there are some reasons why mobile phones should not be banned in schools. For example, if there is a family emergency like the student’s grandma is in the hospital, or his or her house caught fire, their parents will be able to contact them. In addition, it would certainly be distracting for the teacher trying to talk over student’s who are talking when they are. One of the best ways to get in trouble during class is to talk when the teacher is talking, for it district’s the teacher, the student, and their classmate’s; if cell phone  were allowed in school, they would increase the amount of time students are talking when they don’t need to, making the class more difficult to teach, take longer, and be less educational. Cell phones could also provide a means of cheating on tests. Almost all cell phones have texting, and kids have become good at texting without being caught. It would be easy for kids to text each other the answer’s to test’s during testing session’s if everyone is allowed to use their phone during class. If teachers ask what students are doing, they can just say that they are texting their mom. These days, mobile phones are everywhere on the streets. Mobile phones are not what they used to be for only calling or texting. Now, there are games, music and camera functions available in a mobile phone. Hence, I agree that mobile phones should be banned in schools, as there are disadvantages of students bringing their phones to school. Firstly, bringing their mobile phones to school is troubling matter. As students might misplace their mobile phones in the school canteen or their classrooms and forget them. There may be dishonest students who will take the mobile phone and not report it to the discipline head. This is one of the reasons why mobile phones should be banned. In a society where almost everyone over the impressive age of thirteen carries a cell phone, pager, or both, many school systems have banned these items from school grounds. Why? Many say it is due to the powerful ‘potential problems’, such as texting during classes. Others say it is because they interrupt the learning environment. Whatever the reason the powerful school boards give, should cell phones really be banned from school premise? In a day and age where everyone relies heavily upon modern technology for communication, cell phones are a good thing to have, especially for high school students. Many students have after-school activities, such as a sport or a club that they participate in after school hours, when most people, including the office staff, have already gone home for the day. The students need a way to contact their parents during and after these activities, and vice versa. If cell phones were banned from school grounds, even just during school hours, how would the kids contact their parents afterwards? With only one or two phones in the spectacular office or on a coach, having thirty or more students per activity coming in to use the phone one after the affecting other is just ridiculous. It would take hours, something that would take minutes overall if the kids each had their own cell phone. The board, principals, and teachers alike are concerned that if cell phones are allowed in school, there will be problems with texting in class. The solution to this is to make a rule that says cell phones have to be off and put away during school hours. If a student is caught texting in class, have the teacher take up the phone for the spectacular day, or maybe even until the next day. This seems like a reasonable compromise, because that way the kids are still able to contact whomever they need to after school, but are free from distractions during the day. So that they can call and let their parent’s know to come pick them up after a sport is over. So if they are sick or they are not felling so well so that their parents could come and pick them up if they do not feel so good. Cell phones, while they might seem like nothing but a distraction and a safety hazard for school across the country, are in actuality quite the opposite. Banning cell phones from the school premises will only ever have detrimental effects. As long as there is a sensible rule in place, such as †Students are required to leave cell phones off and out of sight during school hours†, there is no chance of distraction’s or of safety hazards because of them. After all, there is probably more of a chance a kid will trip and fall than the chance of a cell phone being a distraction when it is turned off, is not there. However, cell phones can also be used for less important reason’s, such as excessive amounts of texting. One big issue concerning cell phones and teenagers is the use of cell phones in school. Many teenagers believe that cell phone’s should be allowed in school, during class. However, cell phones should not be allowed during school, because they would provide distractions for students and teachers, allow for cheating on tests, and for other social reasons. If a student’s cell phone rang during class, it would obviously distract him from the class and whatever the teacher is teaching. If this continued, it could prove detrimental to that student’s education. In conclusion, considering all the reasons, I strongly stand with that mobile phones should be banned as it is a distraction to the students and their phones might be stolen. Should there be an emergency, the parents can call up the school and the school can immediately inform the student. Thus, mobile phones should be banned in schools. It would be quite distracting for those student’s, and for their classmate’s. Cell phones also can cause social â€Å"problem’s†, which would only increase if cell phones were allowed in school.

How US Public Land Is Surveyed and Distributed

Public land in the United States is land that was originally transferred directly from the federal government to individuals, to be distinguished from land that was originally granted or sold to individuals by the British Crown. Public lands (public domain), consisting of all land outside the original 13 colonies and the five states later formed from them (and later West Virginia and Hawaii), first came under government control following the Revolutionary War with the enactment of the Northwest Ordinance of 1785 and 1787. As the United States grew, additional land was added to the public domain through the taking of Indian land, by treaty, and by purchase from other governments. Public Land States The thirty states formed from the public domain, known as public land states, are: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. The original thirteen colonies, plus Kentucky, Maine, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, and later West Virginia and Hawaii, form what is known as the state land states. Rectangular Survey System of Public Lands One of the most significant differences between land in the public land states and state land states is that public land was surveyed prior to being made available for purchase or homesteading, using the rectangular-survey system, otherwise known as the township-range system. When a survey was done on new public land, two lines were run at right angles to each other through the territory - a base line running east and west and a meridian line running north and south. The land was then divided into sections from the point of this intersection as follows: Township and Range - Townships, a major subdivision of public lands under the rectangular survey system, measure approximately six miles on a side (thirty-six square miles). Townships are then numbered from the base line north and south and then from the meridian line east and west. The east/west identification is known as the Range. A Township is identified by this relationship to a base line and a principal meridian.Example: Township 3 North, Range 9 West, 5th Principal Meridian identifies a specific township that is 3 tiers north from the baseline and 9 tiers west (Range) of the 5th Principal Meridian.Section Number - Townships were then further broken down into thirty-six sections of 640 acres each (one square mile) called sections, which were numbered with reference to the baseline and meridian line.Aliquot Parts - Sections were then further subdivided into smaller pieces, such as halves and quarters, while still (generally) keeping the land in a square. Aliquot Parts were used to representing the exact subdivision of each such section of land. Halves of a Section (or subdivision thereof) are represented as N, S, E, and W (such as the north half of section 5). Quarters of a Section (or subdivision thereof) are represented as NW, SW, NE, and SE (such as the northwest quarter of section 5). Sometimes, several Aliquot Parts are required to describe a parcel of land accurately.Example: ESW denotes the east half of the southwest quarter of a section, containing 80 acres. What a Township Is In general: A township contains 23,040 acresA section contains 640 acres,A half section contains 320 acres,A quarter section contains 160 acres,A half of a quarter contains 80 acres,A quarter of a quarter contains 40 acres, etc. A legal land description for the public land states might, for instance, be written as: the west half of the northwest quarter, section 8, township 38, range 24, containing 80 acres, usually abbreviated as W ½ of NW ¼ 8T38R24, containing 80 acres. Public lands were distributed to individuals, governments, and companies in some ways, including: Cash Entry An entry that covered public lands for which the individual paid cash or its equivalent. Credit Sales These land patents were issued to anyone who either paid by cash at the time of the sale and received a discount or paid by credit in installments over four years. If full payment was not received within the four-year period, title to the land would revert to the Federal Government. Because of the economic hardship, Congress quickly abandoned the credit system and through the Act of April 24, 1820, required full payment for land to be made at the time of purchase. Private Land and Preemption Claims A claim based on the assertion that the claimant (or his predecessors in interest) derived his right while the land was under the dominion of a foreign government. Pre-emption was a tactful way of saying squatter. In other words, the settler was physically on the property before the GLO officially sold or even surveyed the tract, and he was thus given a pre-emptive right to acquire the land from the United States. Donation Lands To attract settlers to the remote territories of Florida, New Mexico, Oregon, and Washington, the federal government offered donation land grants to individuals who would agree to settle there and meet a residency requirement. Donation land claims were unique in that acreage granted to married couples was divided evenly. Half of the acreage was placed in the husbands name while the other half was placed in the wifes name. Records include plats, indexes, and survey notes. Donation lands were a precursor to homesteading. Homesteads Under the Homestead Act of 1862, settlers were given 160 acres of land in the public domain if they built a home on the land, resided there for five years, and cultivated the land. This land did not cost anything per acre, but the settler did pay a filing fee. A complete homestead entry file includes such documents as the homestead application, homestead proof, and final certificate authorizing the claimant to obtain a land patent. Military Warrants From 1788 to 1855 the United States granted military bounty land warrants as a reward for military service. These land warrants were issued in various denominations and based upon the rank and length of service. Railroad To aid in the construction of certain railroads, a congressional act of September 20, 1850, granted to the State alternate sections of public land on either side of the rail lines and branches. State Selection Each new State admitted to the Union was granted 500,000 acres of public land for internal improvements for the common good. Established under the Act of September 4, 1841. Mineral Certificates The General Mining Law of 1872 defined mineral lands as a parcel of land containing valuable minerals in its soil and rocks. There were three kinds of mining claims: Lode Claims for gold, silver, or other precious metals occurring in veinsPlacer Claims for minerals not found in veinsMill Site Claims for up to five acres of public land claimed for processing minerals. Created and maintained by the US Federal Government, records of first transfer of public domain lands are available in multiple locations, including the National Archives and Record Administration (NARA), Bureau of Land Management (BLM), and some State Land Offices. Land records related to subsequent transfers of such land between parties other than the Federal Government are found at the local level, usually a county. The types of land records created by the Federal Government include survey plats and field notes, tract books with records of each land transfer, land-entry case files with supporting documents for each land claim, and copies of the original land patents. Survey Notes and Field Plats Dating back to the 18th century, government surveys were begun in Ohio and progressed westward as more territory was opened for settlement. Once the public domain was surveyed, the government could begin to transfer title of land parcels to private citizens, companies, and local governments. Survey plats are drawings of boundaries, prepared by draftsmen, based on data in the sketches and field notes. Survey field notes are records that describe the survey performed and are completed by the surveyor. The field notes may contain descriptions of land formations, climate, soil, plant and animal life. Land Entry Case Files Before the homesteaders, soldiers, and other entrymen received their patents, and some government paperwork had to be done. Those purchasing land from the United States had to be given receipts for payments, while those obtaining land through military bounty land warrants, preemption entries, or the Homestead Act of 1862, had to file applications, give proof about military service, residence on and improvements to the land, or evidence of citizenship. The paperwork generated by those bureaucratic activities, compiled into land entry case files, is held by the National Archives and Records Administration.   Tract Books The best place to being your search when youre looking for a complete land description, tract books for the Eastern States are in the custody of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). For the Western States, they are held by NARA.  Tract books are ledgers used by the U.S. federal government from 1800 until the 1950s to record land entries and other actions related to the disposition of  public domain land. They can serve as a useful resource for family historians who want to locate the property of ancestors and their neighbors who lived in the 30 public land states. Especially valuable, tract books serve not only as an index to patented land but also to land transactions that were never completed but may still contain useful information for researchers.

My Health Campaign Is About Obesity - 1624 Words

My health campaign is about Obesity. I will be planning a small-scale health education campaign on Obesity. I started off by producing a health campaign which was about Obesity and aimed in on people who were between 13 to 19 years old. Obesity can lead to serious health illnesses such as Coronary Heart Disease, High Blood Pressure, Stroke and Type 2 diabetes and in order to prevent these illnesses, health education campaigns are created to warn people about the effects of Obesity. National health campaigns There are many different national health strategies which are used in order to help encourage harmful effects of Obesity on the health of people. The Government has produced a target on tackling Obesity in the UK. The Government has begun a health living campaign to stop the increase in the Obesity rates in the UK. It includes television adverts which warn people that too much fat can lead to Type 2 diabetes, heart disease and Cancer. Every Child Matters Every Child Matters is a type of green paper which was published in 2003 by the government. The Every Child Matters green paper is also known as Every Child Matters: Change for Children. This green paper had provided the legislative basis for developing effective as well as accessible health and social care services. Target setting The strategy the Government has created is called â€Å"Change4Life - eat well, move more, live longer†. There was a report called the Foresight report which was published last year and thisShow MoreRelatedEssay about Unit 20 Promoting Health Education P31007 Words   |  5 PagesP3 – in this task I will be planning my campaign and explain the reasons for the approaches, methods and models of behaviour change. This task will include SMART targets and planned approaches to education, I will be stating what models of behaviour change I will be using and also include who my audience is and what resources I will use and any cost incurred. 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Extremes Versus the Norms in Wuthering Heights - 1155 Words

Extremes of behaviours traditionally are characterised as going against the normalities of society. However, in Wuthering Heights these extremes are the ways in which normality is restored, and this paradoxical view allows the ambiguity surrounding the novel to truly become prevalent. These extremes also reflect gothic elements in the novel such as the sublime and moral decay. This is because through the absence of morality extreme emotions such as jealousy, violence, or revenge are allowed to stir. This is particularly the case because extremities allow for social transgression, which the gothic represents. This illustrates how the structure of society can be changed to allow for a modern view that freedom should not be diluted by social†¦show more content†¦In some ways the three settings in which the novel is set show the disruption of normal behaviour in the world of Wuthering Heights. This is illustrated through Heathcliff’s home which is ‘descriptive of th e atmospheric tumult to which its station is exposed to in stormy weather’, emphasising in some ways pathetic fallacy, because it suggests that Heathcliff is mentally disturbed like the stormy weather of his home. This would advocate the idea that domestication which is usually associated with a more civilised behaviour, and due to the fact that this is degraded, it means that extreme behaviour is the only normal one now. To some extent a psychoanalytical reading of Heathcliff’s emotional disarray would suggest it is based on the Freudian concept of life and death instincts. It is an important concept because life instincts are those that deal with basic survival, pleasure, and reproduction. While death instincts are based around a person’s self-conscious ability to want to die. Therefore, self-destructive behaviour is an expression of the energy created by the death instincts. When this energy is directed outward onto others, it is expressed as aggression and violence. Furthermore, it could

Language and Composition Song Of Solomon Free Essays

Song Of Solomon two significant minor characters BY Glossary In Toni Morrison book Song of Solomon, she Introduces characters that are significant in every situation then finds a way for them to help further develop the plot. The two characters that are the most interesting in the smallest way are First Corinthians and Empire State. These two are involved in very little dialogue and don’t appear often in the first three chapters. We will write a custom essay sample on Language and Composition Song Of Solomon or any similar topic only for you Order Now They aren’t faced with difficult challenges or help the main characters, which only questions of their existence. This not only sakes them Important but Interesting while their characteristics are hard to read. First Corinthians, sister of Milkman and Magdalene Dead and daughter of Ruth and Macon Dead is kind of first introduced to us in the first chapter when the author says â€Å"The others, who knew that the house was more prison than palace, and that the Dodge Sedan was for Sunday drives only, felt sorry for Ruth Foster and her dry Daughters and called her son â€Å"deep. † Reading this makes the author think – what Is wrong with the daughters? Is there something wrong with them or are they Just very observant and say very little? Corinthians isn’t really mentioned again until chapter 2 where we get to see her interact with her family. During the car ride the author shows us through dialogue and other suggestive actions that Corinthians might not really like her family. â€Å"And that lawyer- what’s his name? † Ruth looked around at Corinthians, who Ignored her. Why would Corinthians Ignore her mother? Did her mother do something wrong to her? In this chapter I think the author is trying to tell us that Corinthians does not really like her mother but likes her father or maybe she does not really like her father Just fears him enough to respect him. This is shown when Toni Morrison writes † She owns that place, Corinthians,† Ruth said. † I don’t care what she owns. I care about what she is. Daddy? † Corinthians leaned toward her father for confirmation. In that little scene one might say Corinthians Is halting at something but what? During the rest of the car ride Corinthians only tries to make conversation with her father. Empire State Is a very minute character in the first three chapters of the book. Even though he says nothing he comes as one who keeps to himself and could be hiding something. He’s presented somewhat like a criminal. He is first introduced to us when Milkman goes looking for Guitar. Toni Morrison says â€Å"All but Empire State, who stood, broom In hand and drop-lipped, with the expression of a very Intelligent ten- year-old. † Why does he not argue about the topic with the others? Is it that he does not care? Maybe it’s the fact that he is taking in everything that everyone is saying and using to decide what his next move is. He might be a criminal but nobody would ever guess that because he keeps to himself and acts like he’s mute. Way that would makes them seem quite influential. We can use the dialogue and behavior of the characters to infer that they play a big role in the plot and might actually help the main character out in the end. Corinthians seems like she knows something nobody else knows, her tone is as if she is trying to tell us something. The way Toni Morrison presents her tells us that Milkman is going to need to find out something, something that could help him move on in the story. Empire State is someone that might be hiding who he really is or hiding something very important that could help Milkman sort out his thoughts about his family and the town in general. How to cite Language and Composition Song Of Solomon, Essays

Economic Interaction Between Natural Monopoly and Regions

Question: Discuss about the Economic Interaction Between Natural Monopoly and Regions. Answer: Introduction This study is helpful to understand the reason why government of Australia want to set the price charged by the natural monopolies at the level where demand curve intersects the average total cost. Firstly, this study has tried to provide the concept of natural monopolies. In this study, the example of natural monopolies of Australia has also mentioned. On the other hand, this study is benefitted to understand the benefits, cost structures and the market structure of the natural monopoly. The types of monopoly and their nature of differences would be mentioned in this context. In this context, it can be mentioned that within a market, the price of a product under natural monopoly market would be cheaper compared to the two or more equivalent producers. This study would describe the government of Australias decision regarding the role of natural monopoly in the market of Australia. According to Carvalho Marques (2014), it can be mentioned that natural monopoly is a situation of monopoly, where the higher infrastructural cost and the barriers to entry of an industry is connected with the size of the market. As a result, the largest suppliers get the advantage and have the competitive advantage over the other competitors in the market. In this purpose, Crew Kleindorfer (2012) mentioned that where the capital costs are predominating and have the economies of scale compared in the connection with large size of the market. Australian electricity providers are the good example of natural monopolists. In the words of Crozet, Nash, Preston (2012), it can be mentioned that there are two types of costs, which are essential for the natural monopolies such as marginal cost and the fixed cost. The marginal cost is helpful to serve more consumers. On the contrary, Haucap Klein (2012) argued that natural monopoly does not exist. In this connection, it can be stated that marginal costs decreases with the economies of scale. The average costs of the organisational products and services would also decrease. Moreover, it can be mentioned that the natural monopolies has several cost structures. Haucap Klein (2012) opined that the fixed cost in case of natural monopoly is comparatively higher and it is not depending upon the output. However, the marginal cost of production is constant and comparatively lower. This study has provided the concept why government wants to impose the price of products as per the decision of natural monopolists. According to Makwe, Akinwale Atoyebi (2012), it can be mentioned that government wants to regulate natural monopolies in order to provide protection to the interests of the customers. More specifically, it can be added that government can effectively prevent the growth of the monopoly power. Firstly, government can reduce the excessive prices of the products. If the government of Australia does not implement the natural monopoly in the market then the producers may set higher prices of the products. As a result, the consumers may suffer from the problem of allocative inefficiency. Hence, it can be mentioned that consumer welfare level will be decreased. In this context, Haucap Klein (2012) opined that due to higher economies of scale, the government of Australia requires to encourage the competition in the market. Therefore, the new entrants create th e potential loss of efficiency. In is necessary to regulate the organisations by preventing the excessive use of monopoly power. Minimum efficient scale is required to be the lowest level of outcome. In this position, the scale of economies can be effectively exploited. Cost structure In case of natural monopoly, the average total cost is continuously falling due to the presence of economies of scale. In this situation, it can be noticed that marginal cost of products is below the average cost of production. The above figure depicted that the long run average cost under natural monopoly has been falling constantly. The reason can be described as the economies of scale are formulated in the market, therefore, average cost continuously fall. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that in order to maximise the profitability of a firm, the natural monopolist could charge Q, and therefore, the firms can earn super normal profits. On the contrary, Minamihashi (2012) criticised that in case of losses under natural monopolies, the government can provide subsidy to the organisations. Advantages of natural monopoly The advantages of natural monopolies can be discussed in the following manner: Average cost pricing As per the statement of Nizovtseva (2014), it can be mentioned that average cost pricing can reduces the pricing flexibility of the organisation and assures that the monopolies cannot capture above the margins. Price ceiling As opined by Crew Kleindorfer (2012), natural monopoly may be formulated through the enforcement of higher charging potential prices. With the help of the strategy of price ceiling, it can be mentioned that the definite products cannot be sold above the specific prices. Rate of return regulations This is equivalent to the average cost pricing. In this connection, it can be mentioned that the percentage of net profitability could be brought in an organisation requires to set under the government specified percentage. This will in turn assures the compliance along with the governmental regulatory approaches. Tax or subsidy In the point of Stiglitz Rosengard (2015), it can be mentioned that the governmental bodies can improve natural monopoly by maximising the taxes on larger producers. Precisely, the government allows financial support through the subsidies to the new entrants, which in turn assures the competitive environment, is highly equitable. Market structure As opined by Minamihashi (2012), it can be mentioned that when the economies of scale under monopoly has been increasing continuously based on the size of the firm, the natural monopolist firm would be able to provide the entire market demand in terms of lower cost compared to the two or more firms. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that there are two types of natural monopoly in the market such as strong monopoly and weak monopoly. When strong natural monopoly reflects the decreasing average costs, on the other hand, the weak natural monopoly firms reflect the increasing average costs. If the costs under natural monopoly are sub additive, the existing market would prefer a market which consist only one firm compared to the same output producing multiple firms. As a result, Haucap Klein (2012) mentioned that under the weak monopoly market structure, the regulatory authorities bar entry into this type of market, the natural monopolists can control the prices of the products. In addition, it can be stated that strong natural monopoly exists if the long run average cost curve of a single firm is decreasing up to the point where long run average cost curve intersects the overall market demand curve. The market structure can be illustrated by figure 2. With the help of the above figure, it can be observed that one firm would be able to provide goods and services to the consumers in the market comparatively lower rate compare to the two or more firms. For example, it can be mentioned that if Australian market consist of four firms and each of the firm produced at the optimal level, then it can be opined that marginal revenue is equivalent to the marginal costs. Therefore, it can be stated that the market price would be determined by the total market demand curve. This would in turn add up the price of the product up to the level of Px. On the other hand, from the above figure it can be noticed that at the point b, the market is restructured among the four firms, despite of one natural monopoly firm, each firm would be able to produce at a smaller scale. Moreover, it can be mentioned that entire produced output would be unchanged, however, the average unit costs is higher at point b. Hence, it can be inferred that the market helps to a single producer to formulate the entire market demand at cheaper rate compare to the more than one equal producer. Governments decision In the words of Makwe, Akinwale Atoyebi (2012), it can be mentioned that under natural monopoly, the long run average cost curve declines constantly over a greater output range. The government of Australia requires to implement the strategies of natural monopoly within the market. In this purpose, it can be mentioned that the people of that country would be benefitted as a large business can supply products to the consumers at a lower price compare to the more than one seller. Therefore, consumers satisfaction level would be increased. In addition, it can be mentioned that in case of natural monopoly, only one firm exist in the market. Therefore, Stiglitz Rosengard (2015) added that there would be no competition within the market. Therefore, it can be inferred that the cost and the price of the products would not be increased. This would in turn helpful to increase the welfare level of the consumers. In this point, it can be concluded the government of Australia requires to formula te natural monopoly system within the market. In order to discuss the importance of natural monopoly and why government requires to implement natural monopoly system within the market, it is necessary to identify the practical example of natural monopoly. Minamihashi (2012) cited that Australian electricity producer is an appropriate example. The behaviour of the electricity producer is seemed to be inelastic. This refers that the electricity producers would increase the price of the product, however, the demand would not be changed. Therefore, from the point of the electricity producers, they would be able to maximise their profitability statement due to the absence of competition. On the other hand, in short run it can be mentioned that the profitability statement of the organisation would be increased. On the contrary, Nizovtseva (2014) it can be argued that if the organisation charged higher price due to inelastic demand of the products, government do not require to formulate the practice of natural monopoly within the count ry. Apart from this, it can be recommended that in this situation government requires to allow to enter other suppliers to enter into the market. Therefore, the price of the products would be decreased by entering more suppliers into the market. Although the natural monopolists would not able to earn super normal profit in the short run, would earn normal profit. Conclusion This study has highlighted the market structure of natural monopoly. In this connection, it can be observed that the cost would be sub additive in the natural monopoly market compared to the two or more equivalent firms. This study is also helpful to identify the structure of average cost, marginal cost and the fixed cost of the long run as well as short run. On the other hand, this study is helpful to discuss the short run and the long run profitability statement under natural monopoly. Furthermore, in this study, the types of natural monopoly has described such as the strong natural monopoly as well as the weak natural monopoly. Lastly, this study has provided the governments decision regarding the use of natural monopoly. References Carvalho, P., Marques, R. C. (2014). Computing economies of vertical integration, economies of scope and economies of scale using partial frontier nonparametric methods. European Journal of Operational Research , 292-307. Crew, M. A., Kleindorfer, P. R. (2012). Managing change in the postal and delivery industries. Springer Science Business Media. Crozet, Y., Nash, C., Preston, J. (2012). Beyond the quiet life of a natural monopoly: Regulatory challenges ahead for Europes rail sector. CERRE, Brussels. Haucap, J., Klein, G. J. (2012). How regulation affects network and service quality in related markets. 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